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Seeing Thinking with AI: Making Cognition Visible

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Session description

This interactive session explores how AI tools help educators make cognition visible through visual thinking. Participants use tools such as ChatGPT, Napkin.ai, & Miro to co-create concept maps and thinking routines that clarify reasoning, support metacognition, & promote equity by turning abstract thought into concrete, shareable representations for learning & collaboration.

Outline

Title: Seeing Thinking with AI: Making Cognition Visible
Format: Interactive Session

0–10 min – Framing the Challenge: Why Seeing Thinking Matters

Welcome and session overview.

Key benefits of making cognition visible:

Guides instruction and supports formative assessment

Surfaces misconceptions before they take root

Builds metacognitive awareness and learner ownership

Creates shared understanding for collaboration and feedback

Transition: Introduce AI as a design partner for visualizing, organizing, and guiding thinking

10–15 min – Mini-Demonstration: AI as a Thinking Partner

Short demo using ChatGPT or Napkin.ai to create a visual outline or concept map from a prompt

Group discussion: “What did the AI capture? What still requires human interpretation?”

Emphasize the “human in the loop” principle—AI can generate structure, but educators bring context and meaning

15–25 min – Activity 1: Making Thinking Visible

Participants choose a familiar concept or process

Use ChatGPT or Napkin.ai to co-create a visual representation (concept map, cause–effect chain, or comparison diagram)

Encourage revision: add missing links, label relationships, or annotate with reflective questions

Focus: seeing, refining, and communicating thinking through collaboration

25–30 min – Share-Out 1

Volunteers share visuals or insights

Group reflection: How does making thinking visible guide formative feedback and deepen understanding?

30–40 min – Activity 2: Authentic Mini-Challenge – Guiding Thinking with a Template

Small groups identify a real classroom challenge (e.g., supporting analysis, comparison, reasoning, or reflection)

Use ChatGPT to prompt AI for a thinking routine or visual template that helps students explore that kind of thinking

Example:

Goal: Help students explain a scientific process

AI Template Suggestion: “Observe → Explain → Connect” three-column guide

Application: Students fill in each column to make reasoning visible

Groups adapt the AI-generated template for their own learners—adding prompts, scaffolds, or guiding questions

40–45 min – Share-Out 2

Groups briefly share their AI-supported templates

Peers respond with quick feedback: “How might this guide or reveal student thinking?”

45–57 min – Synthesis and Reflection

Facilitated group discussion:

How can AI help teachers and students see and shape learning?

How does visualization promote curiosity and inclusion?

Individual reflection: “Where could visible thinking transform learning in your own work?”

57–60 min – Resources and Closing

Share resources:

AI prompt examples for designing thinking routines

Editable templates for visible thinking activities

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Outcomes

Apply AI-supported strategies (using tools like ChatGPT, and Napkin.ai) to make cognitive processes visible through concept maps, diagrams, and visual thinking routines.

Design learning activities that use visual representations to enhance reasoning, metacognition, and feedback for diverse learners.

Analyze how visualizing thinking supports equitable participation and deeper understanding across linguistic and cognitive differences.

Evaluate the role of visible thinking in their own teaching practice and identify opportunities to integrate AI responsibly for curiosity-driven, learner-centered inquiry

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Supporting research

Behar-Horenstein, L. S., & Niu, L. (2011). Teaching Critical Thinking Skills In Higher Education: A Review Of The Literature. Journal of College Teaching & Learning (TLC), 8(2).

Dunlosky, J., Rawson, K. A., Marsh, E. J., Nathan, M. J., & Willingham, D. T. (2013). Improving Students’ Learning With Effective Learning Techniques: Promising Directions From Cognitive and Educational Psychology. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 14(1), 4–58.

Jose B, Cherian J, Verghis AM, Varghise SM, S M, Joseph S. The cognitive paradox of AI in education: between enhancement and erosion. Front Psychol. 2025 Apr 14;16:1550621.

Pietsch, M., & Mah, D.-K. (2024). Leading the AI transformation in schools: It starts with a digital mindset. Educational Technology Research and Development.

Surma, T., Vanhees, C., Wils, M., Nijlunsing, J., Crato, N., Hattie, J., Muijs, D., Rata, E., Wiliam, D., & Kirschner, P. A. (2025). Developing Curriculum for Deep Thinking: The Knowledge Revival. Springer Nature Switzerland.
Tokuhama-Espinosa, T. (2019). The Learning Sciences Framework in Educational Leadership. Frontiers in Education, 4, 136.

Willingham, D. T. (2010). Why Don’t Students Like School: A Cognitive Scientist Answers Questions About How the Mind Works and What It Means for the Classroom (1 edition). Jossey-Bass.
Yang, H. (2025). Harnessing generative AI: Exploring its impact on cognitive engagement, emotional engagement, learning retention, reward sensitivity, and motivation through reinforcement theory. Learning and Motivation, 90, 102136.

Yuan, R., & Liao, W. (2023). Critical thinking in teacher education: Where do we stand and where can we go? Teachers and Teaching, 29(6), 543–552. https://doi.org/10.1080/13540602.2023.2252688

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Presenters

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Associate Professor, Educational Leadership
National Louis University
ISTE & ASCD Book Author

Session specifications

Topic:

Cognitive Development and the Science of Learning

Grade level:

PK-12

Audience:

Teacher Development, Teacher Prep, Teacher

Attendee devices:

Devices required

Attendee device specification:

Laptop: Chromebook, Mac, PC
Tablet: Android, iOS, Windows

Participant accounts, software and other materials:

We will use free, web-based resources such as Napkin.ai and ChatGPT

ISTE Standards:

For Educators: Learner, Designer, Analyst

Transformational Learning Principles:

Connect Learning to Learner, Spark Curiosity